00:00
Hello everyone, SCIEN-SPOT is a podcast that shines a spotlight on the latest scientific
technology from Japan. Your host is REN from SCIEN-TALK. Today I'm going to talk about a
材料科学の挑戦
discovery by a joint research team from Hokkaido University and Toyama University.
This research provides a theoretical answer to a long-standing challenge in material science,
creating tough materials that possess both strength and resistance to breakage.
First, what comes to mind when you hear tough material? For example, our bones or diamonds
are prime examples of tough materials that are not only hard but also don't easily break
even under some impact. On the other hand, some, like glass, through hard can shatter
instantly with a small impact. We call this brittle. In the field of material science,
achieving both hardness and toughness has been one of the most difficult challenges.
This is because, generally, making a material harder tends to make it more susceptible to
cracks, and thus brittle. To give you an analogy, imagine a crispy cookie. It's delicious,
but it crumbles easily with a little force, right? That's brittle. In contrast, a chewy caramel is
soft, but it's hard to tear apart. That's a ductile material. The ideal material would have
the hardness of a cookie but the chewiness and resistance to breaking of a caramel.
Through past experience and analysis of tough natural materials like bone and diamond,
it was empirically known that mixing soft and hard materials could be effective in creating
tough substances. However, fundamental questions remained unanswered. Why does mixing them make
them tough? What ratio should they be mixed at to achieve maximum toughness? It was like trying
to bake a perfect cookie without knowing the optimal recipe. This time, researchers took on
this long-standing mystery. They constructed a linear elastic body model where soft and hard
elastic elements are randomly mixed. This is a simplified abstract or virtual material model
that represents real substances. This model only requires setting three important
variables, and it's like defining the type of ingredients and their ratios in a cooking recipe.
複合材の特性の探求
Elastic or frustratory, elastic modules' ratio of soft to hard elements. This ratio tells us
how much stiffer the hard material is compared to the soft material.
Second, ultimate elastic energy density ratio of soft to hard elements. This ratio indicates how
much energy each material can absorb before breaking, representing their toughness or resilience.
Third, volume fraction of soft elements. This is a mixing ratio showing what percentage of
the total composite materials is made up on the soft material. The research team systematically
explored various combinations of these three variables using large-scale computer simulations.
This is like throwing our tens of thousands of materials recipes in a virtual space to
comprehensively investigate how each material would fracture. And from these simulations,
the results are revealed. First, they discovered that the fracture behavior of mixed materials
changes significantly depending on the mixing ratio of soft and hard elements.
When the proportion of hard elastic elements is high, brittle fracture occurs,
コンポジット材料の破壊特性
meaning the materials break suddenly, like glass shattering. Conversely,
as the proportion of soft elastic elements increases,
ductile fracture occurs where the material deforms significantly before breaking,
much like a plastic bag tearing. They found a critical volume fraction of soft elements,
where this transition from brittle to ductile fracture happens. This critical point is
determined by the material properties ratios of both elastic elements. This is a crucial
indicator for predicting a material's fracture characteristics. Even more importantly,
in the region where ductile fracture dominates, they found that there exists an optimal volume
fraction of soft elements that makes the mixed material most tough. Unremarkably,
this optimal mixing ratio for maximum toughness was found to depend only on the ultimate elastic
energy density ratio of soft to hard elements, or the resilience ratio. This discovery provides
an incredibly simple yet powerful guideline for material design. Until now, creating tough
materials often relied on researchers' experience and intuition, but with this new research,
材料の開発の新しい可能性
we now have theoretical guidelines that tell us what properties materials should have and at what
ratio they should be mixed to create the toughest possible material. This has the
potential to dramatically simplify the material development process. This achievement is expected
to significantly contribute to the development of tough artificial cartilage in regenerative
medicine, as well as diverse materials like rubber and ceramic, which are even used in
astrospace applications. Our future products may become safer and higher performing thanks to this
new recipe. That's all for today's SciencePod. This podcast is broadcast daily on weekday morning
in both Japanese and English. I hope today's discovery has changed how you view the materials
around you. I'd love for you to listen to the podcast in positive notes and thoughts with
the hashtag SciencePod. See you next time.
